What is IP?
The internet protocol (IP) is a set of rules that are used to send data over the internet or local area network (LAN). The IP address uniquely identifies the devices that are connected to the internet and it enables devices to communicate and exchange data between them. IP is used to establish a connection between two computers (Source computer, Destination computer).
What is TCP?
Transmission Control Protocol enables community standards for computing devices and application programs to exchange data over the network. TCP establishes a connection between the client and server to transmit data and before it transmits data it divides large amounts of data into small data packets while ensuring data integrity. TCP protocols include Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP). TCP ensures the successful delivery of data to the destination by using a three-way handshake.
TCP and IP work together to data delivery process from its source to destination. IP establishes the connection with the devices that want to exchange data. TCP defines which technology is used to transmit with those devices and how. TCP/IP provides a safe and secure process for the transmission of data.
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP model is a conceptual framework used to design and understand the architecture of network communication in computer networks. This is the foundation of most modern networks and the internet. It ensures different hardware and software can communicate effectively using TCP and IP protocols. The model's design allows for flexibility, scalability, and robustness with the four abstraction layers, each responsible for specific network functions.
Application layer (Layer 4)
The Application Layer in the TCP/IP model is the topmost layer responsible for providing network services directly to end-user applications. It facilitates communication between software applications and ensures data is presented in a usable format. This layer includes protocols that enable various network activities such as web browsing, email, and file transfer. Key protocols in the Application Layer include HTTP (for web access), FTP (for file transfers), SMTP (for email), and DNS (for domain name resolution). By handling high-level protocols and data representation, the Application Layer ensures seamless interaction between users and network services.
Transport layer (Layer 3)
The Transport layer in the TCP/IP model is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer between devices over a network. It manages end-to-end communication, error checking, data flow control, and the integrity of data transmission. The two main protocols at this layer are:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Provides reliable, connection-oriented communication by establishing a connection before data is transmitted, ensuring that data packets are delivered accurately and in sequence.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Offers connectionless communication, focusing on speed rather than reliability, making it suitable for applications where occasional data loss is acceptable, such as streaming or gaming.
Overall, the Transport layer is essential for providing the necessary mechanisms for data transfer, making sure that communication between devices is efficient and reliable.
Internet layer (Layer 2)
The Internet layer in the TCP/IP model is responsible for logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding across networks. It determines the optimal path for data packets to travel from the source to the destination through interconnected networks. Key protocols in this layer include:
- IP (Internet Protocol): Manages the addressing and routing of packets.
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for diagnostic and error messages.
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Maps IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on local networks.
The Internet layer ensures that data packets can traverse multiple networks and reach the correct destination, playing a crucial role in the overall functionality of the Internet.
Data Link Layer (Layer 1)
The Data Link Layer in the TCP/IP model, also known as the Network Interface Layer, is responsible for handling the physical transmission of data over a network. It encompasses protocols and methods that operate within the local network segment, ensuring that data packets are correctly formatted for transmission and received accurately. This layer manages error detection and correction from the physical layer, framing, and flow control. Common protocols operating at this layer include Ethernet for wired networks and Wi-Fi for wireless networks. Essentially, the Data Link Layer provides a reliable link between two directly connected nodes in a network.
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